pH Indicators (Litmus, Phenol Red, Universal Indicator)

Litmus
There are two types of Litmus Paper: Red and Blue. Red Litmus Paper turns blue when it is dipped in a solution of pH 8.3 or more (stronger alkalis), and Blue Litmus Paper turns red when dipped in a solution of pH 4.5 or less (stronger acids)
Phenol Red

Phenol Red turns yellow when it is dipped [...]

Evidence for Evolution

Fossil Record

Shows Change

Simple –> Complex
Aquatic –> Terrestrial

Major “groups” evolving to others (fossils showing mid-change creatures)

Fish –> Amphibians
Reptiles –> Birds

Comparative Anatomy (Homologous Structures)

Vertebrate forelimbs (pentadactyl limb – penta: five, dactyl: finger)
Similar pattern implies this structure has been inherited through a common ancestry in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Biochemistry

The longer the time since there was a common [...]

pH Reactions – Blowing into Water

When universal indicator is placed into water, it displays a pH of roughly 7. When one blows through a straw into the water, the pH drops to 6. This is because of the Carbon Dioxide the action of blowing into the water adds to the solution.
—————-
Just heard: George Michael – I Want Your Sex (Parts [...]

Volta and Galvani

Volta

Full name Count Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta
Italian physicist, famous for the invention of the electric cell
Invented the electrophorus, a device used to create static electricity
Investigated the reaction of gases such as methane with an electric spark
Named electric charges V and Q, and stated that in any given object they are proportionate
Stated that a frog’s [...]

Rate of Reaction

Different chemical reactions take place at different speeds
Many, particularly those involving solutions, seem to take place instantaneously
Others take rather longer; the conversion of plant material to coal can take millions of years
As the reaction progresses, the concentration of the reactants decreases, and that of the products increases, but continuous measurements of concentration is not easy
Quantities [...]

Pathogens

Bacteria

Prokaryotic (cells with no nucleus)
Gram positive or gram negative (indicate different cell wall chemicals)
Some produce toxins and secrete them (endotoxins) e.g: tetanus
Others breed up in large numbers and when they die they release endotoxins
Respond to antibiotics

Fungi

Eucaryotic (have a nucleus)
For example yeast, thrush, tinea, condidious, ringworm

Protozoa

Eucaryotic (have a nucleus)
Malaria is caused by a parasite called plasmodium

Disease

Anything which interferes with normal bodily function.

Health: A state of physical, social and mental wellbeing.
Infectious disease:

Caused by a pathogen
Can be caught

Pathogen:

A disease causing organism
Parasitic (feed off and breed in a host)
Note that all parasites are not pathogen

Some diseases are caused by infectious agents (not organisms): e.g virus particles
http://i54.photobucket.com/albums/g88/ojrprobert/Disease.gif

Non-Infectious Diseases

1) Genetic

Huntington’s Disease – dominant allele
Cystic Fibrosis – recessive allele
Klinerfelter’s Disease – XXY
Downe’s Syndrome – Extra Chromosome Z
Turner’s Syndrome – XO

2) Environmental
e.g: Heavy Metal (Miramatta Disease)
Pasteur
Germ Theory

Swan-necked flask experiment

Showed that broth (soup) will go off due to microbes in the air.

Wine goes sour (vinegar) due to bacteria
Yeast causes fermentation of wine (beer)
Washing hands between [...]

Outbreak

Everything I type in blue we do not know at this point in the movie.
We start with a battle scene in Vietnam. There’s a monkey watching the fighting, then we move to a village where everyone’s dying. The later Major General Donald McClintock (Donald Sutherland) and the later Brigadier General Billy Ford (Morgan Freeman) are [...]