pH Indicators (Litmus, Phenol Red, Universal Indicator)

Litmus
There are two types of Litmus Paper: Red and Blue. Red Litmus Paper turns blue when it is dipped in a solution of pH 8.3 or more (stronger alkalis), and Blue Litmus Paper turns red when dipped in a solution of pH 4.5 or less (stronger acids)
Phenol Red

Phenol Red turns yellow when it is dipped [...]

Evidence for Evolution

Fossil Record

Shows Change

Simple –> Complex
Aquatic –> Terrestrial

Major “groups” evolving to others (fossils showing mid-change creatures)

Fish –> Amphibians
Reptiles –> Birds

Comparative Anatomy (Homologous Structures)

Vertebrate forelimbs (pentadactyl limb – penta: five, dactyl: finger)
Similar pattern implies this structure has been inherited through a common ancestry in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals

Biochemistry

The longer the time since there was a common [...]

pH Reactions – Blowing into Water

When universal indicator is placed into water, it displays a pH of roughly 7. When one blows through a straw into the water, the pH drops to 6. This is because of the Carbon Dioxide the action of blowing into the water adds to the solution.
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